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  Modern leadership era (contemporary leadership theories: 1990s- present)  The evolution of modern leadership theories is the result of recent leadership research. Modern leadership research emphasizes spiritual and ethical aspects of leadership. Thus contemporary leadership theories are developed by scholars as the outcome of the research studies. Those are new or modern leadership styles on new perspectives of leadership. Changes in time, changes in the environment, changes in the requirement of the followers, and maturity of the followers may be reasons to the advancement of leadership theories. There are several leadership styles under the contemporary leadership theory.  1. Transactional leadership  2. Transformational leadership  3. Charismatic leadership  4. Transcendent leadership  5. Authentic leadership

Transactional leadership style.  It relates to the contemporary theory of leadership. The leadership style plays as a business transaction between leader and follower. It is an economic base style. It does not provide attention to the emotional feelings of followers. It is a leadership style that has an economic base exchange relationship. It means the follower is rewarded by the leader only if he/ she performed a better task. The transactional leadership style emphasizes how to get things done. Application of transactional leadership Leader assigns the task to the followers. Then followers are liable to accomplish the tasks. They accomplish the task with the expectation of receiving rewards. If the task accomplishment is worthy of the followers, followers are positively rewarded. If it is not, followers are negatively rewarded. Those rewards are extrinsic rewards. Extrinsic rewards are monetary things and physical things. According to this leadership style, If the member p...

Situational Era (contingent and situational theories:1960s) Continuous research studies are entitled to find out another new approach to leadership. It is the contingency theory of leadership. It developed in a situational era. This approach to leadership evolved in the 1960s. The hypothesis of contingent and situational theories is leadership style is not fixed. It changes according to the situation. Selection of the leadership style according to the situation. In other words, leadership style depends on the situation. There are several sub-theories that explain the contingency theory of leadership.   Application of the contingency theory Application of this theory can be described via, Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s framework, Hersey and Blunchard’s situational leadership theory and through Fiedler’s Model. Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s framework The framework emphasizes on 3 situational factors. 1.       Leader’s characteristics 2.    ...

Behavioral Era (Behavioral theory :1940s-1950s) Behavioral theory of leadership is based on the behaviors of leaders. This theory is most popular in 1940s- 1950s era. In this era two research studies were famous. Those are: study at university of Michigan and study at Ohio state university. This theory encompasses leaders has two specific behaviors such as task oriented behavior and employee oriented behavior. According to that, job centered and employee centered leadership styles can be find out. It means there are leaders who have the behavior of considering about employees and considering about the job.   1.       Study at Ohio state university. These research studies discovered two dimensions of leadership behavior. Those are initiating structure and consideration. The leaders who have initiating structure behavior involves with scheduling work, assigning people to task and determining performance level. They always think about the task. Hence t...

  Trait Era (Great man theory:1840s) Leadership theories are commenced with the great man theory. Great man theory was developed in the 1840s as the first theory for leadership. The main assumption of the great man theory is leaders are born not made or trained. It emphasizes on innate characteristics of a leader. Studying personalities who made a revolution to the world may cause to create the belief of leaders are born not made. Instances for great people: Mother Theresa, Adolf Hitler, Julius Caesar, George Washington, etc. Trait Era ( Trait theory: 1930s-1940s) The great man theory is the predecessor of the trait theory of leadership. Trait theory evolved in the 1930s-1940s. It is also about the characteristics of a leader. Various research about trait theory for leadership reveals traits of a leader are generated via two sources. According to those sources, the leader has two types of traits: innate qualities and acquirable qualities. Innate qualities are individual chara...

 What is leadership? Leadership is an imperative concept that will help to reach to organizational objectives. It subjected to various studies by scholars. The results of these studies are found in the various type of leadership theories. Further research about leadership, entitles to the evolution of leadership philosophy. Different scholars interpret leadership in different ways. As an example, “leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts towards goal setting and goal achievement.”( Bass B.M., ‘Bass and Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership, New York (1981);p.352) , “ Leadership is influencing people to follow the achievement of a common goal.” (Harold Koontz and Cyril O'Donnell, “Principles of Management”) Thus according to my point of view, leadership is the ability or personal skill to inspire the follower’s behavior towards the attainment of goals. leadership descendants from ancient. The first and foremost factor to the birth o...